Rashin hankula

Biopiracy (wanda akafi sani da mulkin mallaka na kimiyya) shine bada izini na ilimi da albarkatun kwayar halitta na noma da al'ummomin asali ta mutane ko cibiyoyin dake neman iko na musamman ta hanyar takardun shaida ko dukiyar ilimi. ^[1] Duk da yake bioprospecting shine aikin bincika albarkatun halitta don sinadarai da ba a gano su batare da magunguna ko kayan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, nasarar kasuwanci daga bioprospectation yana haifar da ƙoƙarin kamfanin na kare haƙƙin mallaka na ilimi akan tsire-tsire na asali, tsaba, albarkatun kwayoyin halitta, da Magunguna na gargajiya.^[2]

Bugu da ƙari, idan an ɗauki albarkatun halittu da ilimin gargajiya daga 'yan asalin ƙasar ko ƙungiyoyi masu warewa, Kasuwanci albarkatun su na halitta na iya cutar da al'ummomi. Duk da fa'idodin magani da sababbin fa'idodi na binciken halittu da bincike na kwayoyin halitta, kwace ƙasar asali don albarkatun kwayoyin halitta batare da biyan diyya mai kyau bazai haifar da amfani. Biopiracy na iya cutar da 'yan asalin ƙasar ta hanyoyi da yawa. Batare da biyan diyya ko lada don ilimin gargajiya na albarkatun kasa ba, karuwar kwatsam a cikin darajar kasuwanci na jinsunan dake samar da fili mai aiki na iya sa yanzu baza'a iya biyan shi ba ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. A wasu lokuta, takardar shaidar da kamfanin yamma ya gabatar na iya hana amfani ko siyar da albarkatun ta kowane mutum ko ma'aikata, gami da ƙungiyar 'yan asalin. Tare da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk ƙananan kwayoyin da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince dasu tsakanin 1981 da 2014 kasancewa ko dai samfuran halitta ko mahadi da aka samo daga samfuran halitta, binciken halittu ko fashi yana ƙaruwa sosai, musamman a Masana'antar magunguna.^[3] Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ta ambaci, a cikin mahallin al'adun al'adu marasa ma'ana (ICH), cewa al'adun magani da ilimin al'ummomin Kallawaya a Peru sun shafi rashin kariya ta doka daga kamfanonin magunguna. A halin yanzu ana cigaba da ayyukan bincike da yawa a kan wannan batun, kamar binciken da aka gudanar ta amfani da hanyoyin dijital akan biopiracy na magungunan gargajiya, ^[4] wanda ke nuna mahallin matsalar ta yanzu ta hanyar haɓaka bayanin da nazarin bayanan, da kuma nunawa da taswirar kungiyoyi daban-daban da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a.^[5]

Tare da cigaban dabarun cirewa kayan kwayar halitta a cikin ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta, masana kimiyya yanzu suna iya gano takamaiman kwayar halitta, wanda ke jagorantar enzymes dake iya canza kwayar halitta zuwa wani.^[6] Wannan cigaban kimiyya yakawo tambaya game dako kwayar dake dauke da kwayar halitta da aka gyara ta hanyar jerin gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gaje ya kamata a amince da ita ga ƙasar asali.

1. ↑ Rose, Janna. "Biopiracy: when indigenous knowledge is patented for profit". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-11-19.
2. ↑ Imran, Yoonus; Wijekoon, Nalaka; Gonawala, Lakmal; Chiang, Yu-Chung; De Silva, K. Ranil D. (18 February 2021). "Biopiracy: Abolish Corporate Hijacking of Indigenous Medicinal Entities". The Scientific World Journal. 2021: 1–8. doi:10.1155/2021/8898842. PMC 7910072. PMID 33679261 Check |pmid= value (help).
3. ↑ Newman, David J.; Cragg, Gordon M. (25 March 2016). "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014". Journal of Natural Products. 79 (3): 629–661. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055. PMID 26852623. S2CID 5809604.
4. ↑ "Protectores VS Depredadores. Cartografía y visualización de la biopiratería de las medicinas tradicionales en Twitter". Retrieved 2024-05-16.
5. ↑ "Visualización y cartografía de los territorios de la biopiratería de las medicinas tradicionales en Youtube". Retrieved 2024-05-16.
6. ↑ Gressley, Gene M. (1999). "The Gold Rush in Miniature". The Western Historical Quarterly. 30 (4): 433–437. doi:10.2307/971418. JSTOR 971418.